Appendix B — Technical Note to the Professional Reader

The material presented in this book fits together with the technical literature as follows: Though I (JLS) had proceeded from first principles rather than from the literature, I have from the start cited work by Chung and Fraser (1958) and Meyer Dwass (1957) They suggested taking samples of permutations in a two-sample test as a way of extending the applicability of Fisher’s randomization test (1935; 1960, chap. III, section 21). Resampling with replacement from a single sample to determine sample statistic variability was suggested by Simon (1969). Independent work by Efron (1979) explored the properties of this technique (Efron termed it the “bootstrap”) and lent it theoretical support. The notion of using these techniques routinely and in preference to conventional techniques based on Gaussian assumptions was suggested by Simon (1969) and by Simon, Atkinson, and Shevokas (1976).

Chung, James H, and Donald AS Fraser. 1958. “Randomization Tests for a Multivariate Two-Sample Problem.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 53 (283): 729–35. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2282050.pdf.

Dwass, Meyer. 1957. “Modified Randomization Tests for Nonparametric Hypotheses.” The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 181–87. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2237031.pdf.

Efron, Bradley. 1979. “Bootstrap Methods; Another Look at the Jackknife.” The Annals of Statistics 7 (1): 1–26. http://www.econ.uiuc.edu/~econ508/Papers/efron79.pdf.

Fisher, Ronald Aylmer. 1935. The Design of Experiments. 1st ed. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd Ltd. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.502684.

———. 1960. The Design of Experiments. 7th ed. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd Ltd. https://archive.org/details/designofexperime0000rona_q7u5.

Simon, Julian Lincoln. 1969. Basic Research Methods in Social Science. 1st ed. New York: Random House.

Simon, Julian Lincoln, David T Atkinson, and Carolyn Shevokas. 1976. “Probability and Statistics: Experimental Results of a Radically Different Teaching Method.” The American Mathematical Monthly 83 (9): 733–39. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2318961.pdf.